~ what's effective for a novice is ineffective for an expert and vice versa

expertise reversal effect occurs when the instruction that is effective for novice learners is ineffective or even counterproductive for more expert learners

— ❐ Polyglot Tips, Advice, and Strategies – Why You Should Take Them With a Grain of Salt

• ~ passive learning is better for beginners, active learning better for experts

  • ~ passive learning by instruction is effective for beginners, but ineffective for advanced learners
  • ~ learning by exploring is ineffective for beginners, but very effective for advanced learners

• a novice vs. expert thing

A well-known finding in research on text comprehension is that low-knowledge and high-knowledge readers learn different things and in different ways (e.g., McNamara et al., 1996). Based on a review of research on student learning from textbooks and diagrams, Mayer (2001) concluded that inexperienced learners benefit far more from instructional presentations designed to provide a better support for cognitive processes than high-knowledge learners. Less knowledgeable learners benefit from additional, integrative material whereas more knowledgeable learners do not.

— ❐ Accelerated Learning

expertise reversal effect: experts are more likely to learn if they are given the opportunity to engage in exploratory problem solving that engages previously acquired schemas, whereas novices are likely to benefit from worked examples that do not involve exploratory problem solving.

— ❐ Accelerated Learning